Gum Disease: Catching Gingivitis Before It Becomes Serious

Gum (periodontal) disease is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues that support your teeth. It is one of the leading causes of tooth loss in adults worldwide — yet in its early stage it is both preventable and reversible.

The earliest stage is gingivitis. It happens when plaque builds up along the gum line and irritates the gums, making them red, swollen, and prone to bleeding when you brush or floss. Gingivitis is often painless, so it can go unnoticed. Importantly, at this stage there is no bone loss, and with good oral hygiene and a professional cleaning the gums can return to full health.

If gingivitis is left untreated, plaque can harden into tartar (calculus), which can only be removed by a dentist or hygienist. Bacteria then spread below the gum line, forming pockets that toothbrushes and floss cannot reach. This more advanced stage is called periodontitis. It leads to the gums pulling away from the teeth, loss of the supporting bone, and eventually loose teeth — damage that cannot be fully reversed.

Warning signs to watch for: red, swollen or tender gums; bleeding when brushing or flossing; persistent bad breath or a bad taste; gums that are pulling back from the teeth; and, in later stages, loose teeth or a change in how your teeth fit together.

Prevention is straightforward: brush twice a day, clean between your teeth daily, avoid tobacco, and have regular professional cleanings and check-ups. People with conditions such as diabetes are more prone to gum disease and may need to be seen more often.

Sources: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Wikipedia (Periodontal disease, Gingivitis); Cleveland Clinic.